2. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency provides resources on its website to help citizens better understand climate change. Most people already know that the energy provided by the sun is key to life on earth. Greenhouse gases are substances that affect the way the earth either absorbs or reflects this energy. Water vapor and carbon dioxide are two examples of greenhouse gases. These gases absorb and hold some of the sun's energy, warming the planet like a "blanket" (Basics of Climate Change, 2023). This effect is similar to the way a greenhouse traps heat to support plant life, hence the term greenhouse effect
3. Greenhouse gases are important to regulating the earth's temperature and making the planet warm enough to sustain life. Natural occurrences such as plant and animal respiration, oceanic activity, and erupting volcanoes have always released greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide When humans began extracting and burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas during the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gas emissions rose sharply, upsetting the planet's balance and trapping too much heat. The result has been a sharp increase in the earth's temperature, leading to climate change. According to Dr. Julia Rosen, a geologist and journalist (2021), the average global temperature has risen 2:2 degrees Fahrenheit since 1880, with the sharpest temperature rise occurring in the last 70 years.
4. Use or plastics, especially single-use plastics, also enlarges the carbon footprint since the production of plastic requires the burning of fossil fuels and significant resulting carbon emissions. The average consumer can reduce their carbon footprint by making small changes such as recycling, reducing dependence on single use plastics, driving a fuel-efficient vehicle with lower emissions, and switching to renewable energy sources such as solar or wind energy.
5. While 2.2 degrees may not seem like much, we are seeing the effects of the earth's warming in the form of melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and severe storms (Rosen, 2021). However, scientists agree that just as human activity caused climate change, so can human activity slow it down. Individuals, corporations, and governments can take steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Understanding what contributes to our carbon footprint and taking measures to reduce it are the first steps.
Based on the passage, 'greenhouse effect' refers to:
Rationale
A natural phenomenon where greenhouse gases trap heat and raise Earth's temperature is what 'greenhouse effect' refers to based on the passage.
The extract clearly explains that greenhouse gases, like water vapor and carbon dioxide, absorb and retain some of the sun's energy, warming the planet much like a blanket. This is similar to the way a greenhouse traps heat to support plant life, hence the term 'greenhouse effect'. This process is essential for regulating Earth's temperature and making the planet warm enough to sustain life.
A) the process by which greenhouse gases prevent the sun's energy from reaching Earth's surface. This choice is incorrect because the passage states that greenhouse gases absorb and hold some of the sun's energy, not prevent it from reaching Earth's surface.
B) the intentional use of greenhouses to simulate Earth's natural heating processes. This answer is not correct because while the term 'greenhouse effect' derives its name from the way a greenhouse operates, the passage does not suggest that greenhouses are used to simulate Earth's natural heating processes.
C) the rise in Earth's temperature that occurs when all the sun's energy is absorbed by the gases. This statement is misleading. While the greenhouse effect does result in a rise in Earth's temperature, it's not accurate to say that all the sun's energy is absorbed by the gases. The passage notes that these gases absorb and hold "some" of the sun's energy, not all of it.
D) a natural phenomenon where greenhouse gases trap heat and raise Earth's temperature. This choice is correct. The passage describes the greenhouse effect as greenhouse gases absorbing and retaining some of the sun's energy, thus warming the planet.
Conclusion Given the context provided in the extract, the 'greenhouse effect' refers to a natural phenomenon where greenhouse gases trap heat and raise Earth's temperature. The other choices misinterpret the 'greenhouse effect' by stating it prevents the sun's energy from reaching Earth, suggesting greenhouses are used to simulate Earth's heating processes, or inaccurately claiming that all the sun's energy is absorbed by the gases.
The salesperson used deceit to sell the merchandise. Deceit means
Rationale
Deceit means fraud.
In this context, deceit refers to the act of intentionally misleading or cheating someone, generally for personal gain. This corresponds to the definition of 'fraud', which refers to wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain.
A) Discounting Discounting refers to the act of reducing the price of a product or service, often to stimulate sales. This is a common business practice and does not inherently involve deception or dishonesty. It is therefore not synonymous with deceit.
B) Charm Charm refers to the ability to attract, please, or fascinate others, often through one's personality or physical attributes. While it can be used manipulatively, charm itself does not imply deception or dishonesty and thus does not equate to deceit.
C) Slogans Slogans are catchy phrases or sentences used in advertising or marketing to draw attention to a product, service, or idea. They are designed to be memorable and persuasive, but they do not inherently involve deception. Therefore, slogans are not synonymous with deceit.
D) Fraud Fraud refers to the act of deceiving someone for personal gain, typically financial. This definition corresponds directly to that of deceit, making 'fraud' the correct answer.
Conclusion In the context of the statement, deceit refers to the act of intentionally misleading or cheating someone, which is a direct definition of fraud. While discounting, charm, and slogans can all potentially be used in manipulative ways, none of these terms inherently imply deception or dishonesty and are therefore not synonymous with deceit. The term that best aligns with the definition of deceit in this context is fraud.
Medical professionals have a longstanding ethos of always helping and avoiding causing harm at all costs.
Rationale
D) System of ethics is the correct answer.
This refers to the Hippocratic Oath, which is an ethical code of conduct, not a set of laws, religious practice, or dangerous habit. It is a system of morals and principles that guide the behavior of medical professionals, emphasizing the importance of treating patients with care and avoiding harm.
A) Dangerous habit This choice is incorrect because the ethos of always helping and avoiding harm is not a risky or dangerous habit. It's a professional and ethical standard set by the medical community to ensure patient safety and well-being.
B) Religious practice While some doctors may be motivated by their personal religious beliefs, the ethos of always helping and avoiding harm is not specific to any particular religion or religious practice. It's a global professional standard across all cultures and religions. Therefore, this choice is not accurate.
C) System of laws It's true that many countries have laws that require doctors to provide care and avoid harm. However, the ethos referred to here is not a system of laws but an ethical code. Laws are formal, legally enforceable rules, whereas ethics are moral principles and values.
D) System of ethics This is the correct answer. A system of ethics is a set of moral principles or values that guide behavior. In the case of medical professionals, this includes the ethos of always helping and avoiding harm, which is a fundamental part of their professional ethical guidelines.
Conclusion The longstanding ethos of always helping and avoiding harm at all costs in the medical profession is best described as a system of ethics. This ethical code, often embodied in the Hippocratic Oath, guides the behavior of medical professionals, emphasizing the importance of treating patients with care and avoiding harm. The other choices - dangerous habit, religious practice, and system of laws - do not accurately describe this ethos.
2. Being "less dangerous" than cigarettes is hardly a stamp of approval for vapes. After all, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), long-term cigarette smoking kills half of all users. While e-cigarettes may not be quite this deadly, it is clear that addiction to nicotine -which, the CDC notes, is present in 99% of all vape products (2022a) - is unhealthy, furthermore, scientists have yet to fully learn or understand the long-term health effects of vaping.
3. Of particular interest to health officials is the fact that vape use has reached troublesome proportions among young people, and there are specific health concerns for these younger users. According to the CDC, in 2022, 1 in 7 high school students and 1 in 30 middle school students reported that they had usedavape product in the last 30 days (2022b). These numbers are deeply troubling given the unique health consequences vape products can have on young people.
4. Our brains don't finish developing until about the age of 25. According to the CDC (2022a), "Each time a new memory is created or a new skill is learned, stronger connections - or synapses -are built between brain cells. Young people's brains build synapses faster than adult brains. Nicotine changes the way these synapses are formed." These changes can affect processes like attention, learning, and impulse control. Furthermore, addiction to nicotine can lead to mood disorders, and nicotine can serve as a gateway drug to substances such as marijuana (which can also be delivered by vape), heroin, and cocaine. The CDC also reports that many young people are using nicotine to self-medicate, an unhealthy and ultimately ineffective way to deal with stress, anxiety, and depression. 5. Beyond these risks, scientists are still learning the other possible harmful effects of e-cigarettes. The CDC notes that some ingredients in the aerosol produced by vapes may be harmful to lungs, and we may see more of this damage as use becomes long-term. Some vapes have been known to explode or catch fire, gravely injuring their users.
Which title best reflects the content of the passage?
Rationale
Teens and the Dangers of Vaping
The passage primarily focuses on the dangers of vaping, particularly among teenagers. It cites recent research that highlights the health risks associated with e-cigarettes, including addiction to nicotine and potential cognitive effects such as attention, learning, and impulse control problems. The passage further emphasizes the troubling increase in vape use among young people.
A) Vaping vs. Cigarettes: A Healthy Alternative? While the passage does compare vaping to cigarettes, it's not the main focus. The passage states vaping is less dangerous than cigarettes, but does not present it as a healthy alternative. The emphasis is more on the risks associated with vaping rather than a comparison between the two.
B) Vaping: A Gateway Drug Although the passage mentions that nicotine can act as a gateway drug to substances such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine, this is only one aspect. The title does not fully capture the main theme of the passage, which is the overall dangers of vaping, especially for teens.
C) Teaching Teens Not to Vape The passage provides information about the health risks of vaping for teens, but it does not focus on strategies or methods for teaching teens not to vape. Therefore, this title does not reflect the main content of the passage.
D) Teens and the Dangers of Vaping This choice is the correct answer as it accurately reflects the main content and focus of the passage. The passage discusses the health risks associated with vaping, particularly for teenagers, and highlights the troubling increase in vape use among this age group.
Conclusion The best title for the passage is "Teens and the Dangers of Vaping" as it accurately encapsulates the main theme of the text. The passage discusses the serious health risks associated with vaping, emphasizing the impact on young people. The other titles are either too narrow or do not reflect the main content of the passage effectively.
2. Being "less dangerous" than cigarettes is hardly a stamp of approval for vapes. After all, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), long-term cigarette smoking kills half of all users. While e-cigarettes may not be quite this deadly, it is clear that addiction to nicotine - which, the CDC notes, is present in 99% of all vape products (2022a) - is unhealthy, furthermore, scientists have yet to fully learn or understand the long-term health effects of vaping.
3. Of particular interest to health officials is the fact that vape use has reached troublesome proportions among young people, and there are specific health concerns for these younger users. According to the CDC in 2022, 1 in 7 high school students and 1 in 30 middle school students reported that they had used a vape product in the last 30 days (2022b). These numbers are deeply troubling given the unique health consequences vape products can have on young people.
4. Our brains don't finish developing until about the age of 25. According to the CDC (2022a), "Each time a new memory is created or a new skill is learned, stronger connections - or synapses - are built between brain cells. Young people's brains build synapses faster than adult brains. Nicotine changes the way these synapses are formed." These changes can affect processes like attention, learning, and impulse control. Furthermore, addiction to nicotine can lead to mood disorders, and nicotine can serve as a gateway drug to substances such as marijuana (which can also be delivered by vape), heroin, and cocaine. The CDC also reports that many young people are using nicotine to self-medicate, an unhealthy and ultimately ineffective way to deal with stress, anxiety, and depression.
5. Beyond these risks, scientists are still learning the other possible harmful effects of e-cigarettes. The CDC notes that some ingredients in the aerosol produced by vapes may be harmful to lungs, and we may see more of this damage as use becomes long-term. Some vapes have been known to explode or catch fire, gravely injuring their users. Finally, vape juices are extremely harmful if they are ingested or get onto skin or into eyes (2022a).
6. While scientists are still learning about its effects, it is already clear that vaping is a dangerous habit, especially for young people. The Federal government, schools, parents, and the healthcare industry are grappling with ways to effectively educate young people on this dangerous habit.
According to the passage, what is the connection between vaping and other drugs such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine?
Rationale
Vaping can lead to experimentation with these drugs.
According to the passage, vaping, especially among young people, can lead to addiction to nicotine, which can in turn serve as a gateway to other substances such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine. This suggests that vaping may increase the likelihood of drug experimentation and potential addiction to more harmful substances.
A) These drugs can be delivered via vape. Even though the passage mentions that marijuana can be delivered via vape, it does not mention that all the named drugs, including heroin and cocaine, can be delivered in the same way. Therefore, this choice doesn't accurately represent the connection between vaping and these drugs as portrayed in the passage.
B) Vaping produces the same effects as these drugs. The passage does not suggest that the effects of vaping are the same as the effects of marijuana, heroin, and cocaine. While nicotine addiction can lead to mood disorders, the specific effects of these other drugs are not elaborated upon in the text, making this choice incorrect.
C) Vaping is considered a safer alternative to these drugs. The passage does not imply that vaping is considered a safer alternative to marijuana, heroin, and cocaine. While it mentions that vaping is 'less dangerous' than traditional cigarette smoking, there is no comparison made between vaping and the use of these other drugs in terms of safety.
D) Vaping can lead to experimentation with these drugs. According to the passage, the nicotine in vape products can serve as a gateway drug to substances such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine. This suggests that the use of vapes could potentially lead to experimentation with these more harmful drugs.
Conclusion The passage establishes a connection between vaping and the use of drugs like marijuana, heroin, and cocaine, by suggesting that the nicotine addiction resulting from vaping can lead to experimentation with these substances. The other options either inaccurately represent the content of the passage or deal with aspects that the passage does not specifically address.
2. In 1951, Lacks, a 30-year-old wife and mother of five, went to Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore for treatment of cervical cancer. She was unable to pay for treatment and stayed in a segregated ward. During a procedure to place radium on her tumor, Lacks's doctor cut a sliver from the tumor, placed it in a petri dish, and handed it off to the lab assistant of George Gey, a Johns Hopkins cancer researcher. Sadly, cervical cancer is a particularly pernicious disease, and Henrietta succumbed in October 1951 after a brief but terribly painful struggle, leaving behind her young children.
3. George Gey had been trying unsuccessfully to grow human cells in culture - until Henrietta's cells arrived. Labeled HeLa, Henrietta's cancer cells doubled in culture within 24 hours - and they never stopped. HeLa cells multiplied so rapidly and persistently, Gey eventually began giving them away to other researchers. According to Skloot, Hela became the "workhorse" of research labs everywhere. They were used to test the polio vaccine and in the development of HIV medications and cancer treatments. HeLa cells were central to the development of the HPV vaccine and were some of the first human cells sent into space to determine how zero gravity affected human cellular activity.
4.While Gey never profited from Hela cells, eventually others did. HeLa "factories" soon sprang up, and researchers and labs could order vials of HeLa cells through catalogues. The production and sale of HeLa cells became a multi-million-dollar industry. Lacks's surviving children, however, continued to live in poverty in Baltimore, unaware of their mother's contributions to science
5. Media coverage and scientific interest eventually made its way to the Lacks family. Scientists sought the children's DNA to better map Henrietta's genome, and the media sought to learn more about the woman behind the cells. One journalist easily obtained Henrietta's medical records and published large portions of them without the family's knowledge or consent. Thousands profited from HeLa cells and their story, but the Lacks family never saw a penny.
6. Today, laws protect patients' privacy and require consent for all invasive medical procedures. However, the debate about who owns human tissue once it has left its owner's body is still unsettled. The legal and scientific communities must balance the rights of human subjects with the benefits to science that human cells can provide. the rare occasions when human cells provide the kind of scientific - and economic value that HeLa did, who should benefit? While there is no doubt that the Lacks family was first dismissed and later exploited, this bioethical debate is far from settled.
HeLa cells are considered immortal because
Rationale
HeLa cells are considered immortal because they multiplied every 24 hours in culture and never stopped.
This is explicitly stated in the extract - "Labeled HeLa, Henrietta's cancer cells doubled in culture within 24 hours - and they never stopped." The term 'immortal' in cell biology refers to cells that can divide indefinitely without undergoing senescence or programmed cell death, thus the HeLa cells are termed 'immortal'.
A) They didn't die even when exposed to toxins. While the text does not explicitly mention any exposure of HeLa cells to toxins, it's worth noting that their immortality is not primarily linked to their resistance to toxins. Rather, it is their indefinite ability to divide and multiply that gives them their immortality.
C) They can cure diseases when injected into patients. The text does not suggest that HeLa cells can cure diseases when injected into patients. Instead, it shows that HeLa cells have been used extensively in the development of various medical treatments, not that they themselves are a cure.
D) They led to a cure for HIV and cancer. It is mentioned in the text that HeLa cells were used in the development of HIV medications and cancer treatments. However, this does not mean that they directly led to a cure for HIV and cancer. Moreover, this usage of HeLa cells is not the reason they are classified as 'immortal'.
Conclusion While HeLa cells have played an instrumental role in significant medical advances, their immortality is defined by their unique ability to perpetually divide and multiply, as stated in choice B. Other options, although they hint at the importance of HeLa cells in various research and treatment development, do not correctly define the reason for their 'immortality'.
Despite the medical team's efforts, the client succumbed to the illness. As used in the sentence above, succumbed means
Rationale
Surrendered is the meaning of "succumbed" as used in the sentence.
The word "succumbed" is often used to indicate giving in or yielding to a superior force or overwhelming pressure. In the context of the sentence, it indicates that the client unfortunately gave in to the illness, despite the efforts of the medical team.
A) Failed Although "failed" might seem like a possible answer because of the negative outcome, it doesn't accurately capture the meaning of "succumbed". Failing suggests not achieving a goal or objective, but "succumbing" to an illness implies yielding or giving in to the illness, not merely not overcoming it.
B) Surrendered "Surrendered" is the correct meaning of "succumbed" in this context. When a person succumbs to an illness, they're essentially surrendering or yielding to it, despite efforts to fight or resist it.
C) Acclimated "Acclimated" suggests adjusting or adapting to a new environment or situation. It doesn't fit the context of the sentence, because the patient didn't adjust to the illness; they succumbed to it.
D) Overcame "Overcame" is the opposite of "succumbed". To overcome is to conquer or successfully fight against something, whereas to succumb is to yield or give in.
Conclusion In the context of the sentence provided, "succumbed" means "surrendered". Despite the medical team's efforts, the patient gave in to the illness. The other choices, "failed", "acclimated", and "overcame", don't accurately capture the meaning of "succumbed" in the given context.
My employer didn't believe my claim until my colleagues……….. my story.
Rationale
A) corroborated my story.
To corroborate means to confirm or give support to a statement, theory, or finding. In this context, it implies that the colleagues provided evidence or testimony that supported the speaker's claim, making it more credible to the employer.
A) corroborated This is the correct answer. Corroborating something means to provide evidence or information that supports a statement, theory, or finding. In this context, the colleagues provided additional evidence or confirmation that the speaker's claim was true.
B) contradicted To contradict means to deny or dispute the truth of something by asserting the opposite. If the colleagues had contradicted the story, it would have weakened the speaker's claim rather than strengthen it. Therefore, this option is incorrect.
C) counteracted To counteract means to reduce or remove the effect of something by producing an opposite effect. In this context, it would mean that the colleagues did something to negate or offset the speaker's claim, which doesn't make sense as it wouldn't help the employer believe the claim.
D) augmented To augment means to make something greater by adding to it. If the colleagues had augmented the story, it would imply they added more details or embellished it. However, this does not necessarily mean they provided evidence to support the claim, so this option is incorrect.
Conclusion The correct answer is A) corroborated. In this context, it means that the colleagues provided evidence or confirmation that supported the speaker's claim, making it more believable to the employer. The other options contradicted, counteracted, and augmented do not fit the context as they do not suggest that the colleagues helped validate the speaker's claim.
2. Together, their cutting-edge research has helped make cancer immunology one of the most innovative branches in the field of medicine. Their current project, which focuses on mitigating negative immune regulation, has helped uncover new strategies for “inhibiting the brakes of our immune systems†through T-cell immunotherapy. Though cancer rates continue to decline throughout developed countries, it still remains the second leading cause of global mortality rates, contributing to millions of deaths each year. Thanks to their findings, many research initiatives, which had previously given up on the prospects of immunotherapy practices, are reinvesting hundreds of millions of dollars into an entirely new class of drugs that might help
Allison and Honjo began their most recent collaborative research in the
Rationale
Allison and Honjo began their most recent collaborative research in the 2000s.
The extract clearly mentions that their recent international collaborations, which can be inferred as their most recent collaborative research, have reignited the profession over the last ten years. Given that the text was written in 2018, the last ten years would refer to the period starting in the 2000s.
A) 1970s The 1970s is incorrect as the extract does not mention any collaboration between the two scientists during this period. Their research efforts span several decades, but the specific start of their most recent collaborative research is stated to be within the last ten years from 2018, placing it in the 2000s.
B) 1980s The 1980s is also incorrect. Although the extract acknowledges that their individual research efforts have spanned several decades, it does not suggest that their most recent collaborative research began in the 1980s. It states that their recent international collaborations began within the last ten years, which would place the start of this phase of their work in the 2000s.
D) 1990s The 1990s is not correct as well. While the scientists have been conducting research for decades, the extract specifies that their most recent collaborative research began within the last ten years from 2018, which again points to the 2000s.
Conclusion The correct answer is the 2000s, as the extract clearly states that Allison and Honjo's most recent collaborative research, which reignited the profession, began within the last ten years from 2018. The other options—1970s, 1980s, and 1990s—are incorrect as they do not align with the timeline provided in the extract. This highlights the importance of their work in recent years, which has led to significant advancements in the field of cancer immunology.
2. Together, their cutting-edge research has helped make cancer immunology one of the most innovative branches in the field of medicine. Their current project, which focuses on mitigating negative immune regulation, has helped uncover new strategies for “inhibiting the brakes of our immune systems†through T-cell immunotherapy. Though cancer rates continue to decline throughout developed countries, it still remains the second leading cause of global mortality rates, contributing to millions of deaths each year. Thanks to their findings, many research initiatives, which had previously given up on the prospects of immunotherapy practices, are reinvesting hundreds of millions of dollars into an entirely new class of drugs that might help
According to the article, which statement is true?
Rationale
James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo have discovered new relationships between certain proteins and cancer.
James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo, both renowned immunologists, have been awarded the Nobel Prize for their groundbreaking efforts in cancer immunotherapy. Their research has focused on finding new strategies for "inhibiting the brakes of our immune systems" through T-cell immunotherapy, which implies the discovery of new relationships between certain proteins and cancer.
A) CTLA-4 and PD-1 are two types of cancer that have been cured by CTLA-4 and PD-1. This statement is incorrect. The extract does not mention CTLA-4 and PD-1 as types of cancer. Moreover, these are known as immune checkpoint proteins, not cancer types. They are involved in the regulation of immune responses, part of the focus of Allison and Honjo's work.
B) James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo have discovered new relationships between certain proteins and cancer. This is the correct answer. Their work in inhibiting immune system regulation, specifically through T-cell immunotherapy, suggests the discovery of new relationships between certain proteins, such as immune checkpoint proteins, and cancer.
C) James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo just recently started studying cancer. This statement is false. The extract clearly states that their research efforts span several decades, indicating a long-term commitment to cancer research.
D) All cancers have been cured by James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo's therapeutic practices. This is incorrect. While their research has significantly contributed to the field of cancer immunotherapy and led to the development of new therapeutic practices, the extract does not claim that all cancers have been cured by their work. It mentions that cancer remains the second leading cause of global mortality rates.
Conclusion Based on the extract, the only true statement among the choices is that James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo have been uncovering new relationships between certain proteins and cancer, specifically in the context of T-cell immunotherapy. The other statements either provide misinformation or make exaggerated claims that are not supported by the text. The work of Allison and Honjo represents significant progress in the field of cancer immunotherapy, but it does not claim to have cured all cancers or to be a recent endeavor. Their work is ongoing and continues to ignite interest and investment in immunotherapy research.
2. Together, their cutting-edge research has helped make cancer immunology one of the most innovative branches in the field of medicine. Their current project, which focuses on mitigating negative immune regulation, has helped uncover new strategies for "inhibiting the brakes of our immune systems" through T-cell immunotherapy. Though cancer rates continue to decline throughout developed countries, it still remains the second leading cause of global mortality rates, contributing to millions of deaths each year. Thanks to their findings, many research initiatives, which had previously given up on the prospects of immunotherapy practices, are reinvesting hundreds of millions of dollars into an entirely new class of drugs that might help bring about lasting remissions in global cancer rates. Allison and Honjo were consequently deemed perfect candidates for a Nobel Prize because their research has not only broken barriers in the medical field, but eliminated borders in the fight against cancer, catalyzing cross-continental efforts to conquer the negative effects of this costly disease.
3. Cancerous tumors serve as some of the greatest antagonists within our immune systems, thwarting our body's ability to destroy foreign invaders. These cancerous tumors are particularly skilled at incapacitating our body's capacity to ward off malignant cells that spawn inside of us. Cancer, for reasons previously unknown to researchers, quickly excites our body's "molecular brakes “, which, in turn, lowers the effectiveness of our immune systems. For several decades, radiation therapy and standard chemotherapy were believed to be the only effectual approaches to mitigating the spread of cancer in the body. These classic therapies, however, are extremely harmful to human tissue, and they are often shadowed by toxic side effects. Cancer immunotherapy is therefore seen as a positive alternative that can reduce the likelihood of these crippling side effects. Cancer immunotherapy, in short, has become the more humane option for targeting our body's cancerous invaders.
4. All of this, however, would not have been possible without the nearly-thirty-year research campaigns carried out, separately at first, by Allison and Honjo. In the 1990s, Allison began monitoring a protein known as CTLA-4. CTLA-4 is located in the membranes of active T-cells, a type of white blood cell, behaving like an off switch for these "soldiers" within our immune systems. Allison's initial work in the early 1990s focused on ways to interfere with this off-switch and encourage these soldiers to return to the body's war against cancer. Around the same time, Honjo had been targeting another off-switch known as PD-1. PD-1 is a biological protector that limits our T-cells to overexposure; it prevents our immune system's soldiers from entering too many battles against foreign invaders. PD-1 is the "general" of the wars in our immune system that ensures that our T-cells do not become too exhausted. Some cancers intentionally try to attack this general, shutting down its capacity to command T-cells.
5. By the 2000s, Allison and Honjo's paradigm-shifting efforts had converged to find ways to (re)motivate the T-cell troops of our bodies through a new brand of cancer immunotherapy that targets both the effects CTLA-4 and PD-1. The result has been Nobel award-winning effort to conquer cancer through more amenable physiological measures.
6. And the world should be thankful -Allison and Honjo's medical practices are now on the forefront of eliminating the negative effects of melanoma, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, and liver cancer. While these are just a few sources of foreign invasion, easing their effects is one step in the right direction for the medical industry's larger war on cancer.
According to the article, which statement is true?
Rationale
James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo have discovered new relationships between certain proteins and cancer.
The text discusses how Allison and Honjo have spent decades researching cancer and have made breakthroughs in understanding the relationship between certain proteins, specifically CTLA-4 and PD-1, and cancer. Their work has led to innovative therapies in the field of cancer immunology.
A) CTLA-4 and PD-1 are two types of cancer that have been cured by CTLA-4 and PD-1. This statement is incorrect because CTLA-4 and PD-1 are not types of cancer. They are proteins that play a role in the immune system's function, and Allison and Honjo's research has focused on understanding these proteins in the context of cancer development and treatment.
B) All cancers have been cured by James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo's therapeutic practices. This statement is incorrect because the text does not state that all cancers have been cured by Allison and Honjo's therapeutic practices. Their work has contributed to advancements in cancer immunology and the development of new treatments, but it has not resulted in a cure for all types of cancer.
C) James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo have discovered new relationships between certain proteins and cancer. This statement is correct. The text describes how Allison and Honjo have spent several decades researching the proteins CTLA-4 and PD-1 and their role in the immune system's response to cancer.
D) James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo just recently started studying cancer. This statement is incorrect because the text states that Allison and Honjo have been studying cancer for several decades, not just recently.
Conclusion The article explains how James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo have made significant contributions to cancer research, specifically in understanding the role of the proteins CTLA-4 and PD-1 in the immune system's response to cancer. Their work has led to new strategies for cancer treatment, but it has not resulted in a cure for all types of cancer.
2. People with T1D must be attentive to their food intake, carefully monitor their blood glucose levels, and take regular doses of insulin tasks that often make people feel alienated from their friends who are able to eat what they want without worry. If someone with T1D takes too much insulin for their food, they can experience hypoglycemia, a sudden drop in blood sugar, leading to debilitating symptoms such as headache, sweating, shakiness, and even fainting. But if they don't take enough insulin, they will experience hyperglycemia which causes symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, lethargy, headaches, and blurred vision.
3. Recently, however, advances in blood glucose monitoring and insulin delivery have simplified disease management for many people with diabetes. Roughly 64% of current patients with T1D in the U.S. use an insulin pump for consistent, accurate delivery of insulin rather than relying on daily insulin injections (Smith & Harris, 2018). Insulin pumps generally contain an insulin reservoir and a computer chip that monitor insulin delivery through a cannula inserted under the patient's skin, usually on the lower part of the stomach. While the cannula site must be changed every few days, the pump frees the individual from needing frequent injections and delivers insulin more consistently than Injections.
4. Additionally, patients can now also use a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) to promote better regulation of blood sugar. CGMs use a sensor inserted under the skin to transmit blood glucose information to a smartphone app or even directly to an insulin pump. Patients can then use an app to monitor their insulin intake and blood sugar at any given time, Furthermore, the app can alert the patient to changes in blood sugar that could lead to dangerous reactions. Patients and their caregivers can use the information stored on the app to adjust diet and Insulin delivery to promote better overall health (Wong, 2023).
5. Perhaps the most exciting recent development in diabetes management is that of the hybrid, closed-loop system, or artificial pancreas. In 2016, the FDA approved the first of these devices, which combine glucose monitoring and insulin delivery in one automated system (Smith & Harris, 2018). These systems, now commercially available, allow patients with T1D a level of ease of management that enables them to go about daily tasks without the need to carry kits containing syringes, vials, finger prick devices, and test strips.
6. While a cure for T1D remains a goal of researchers, consistent improvements in patient care and management have vastly improved life for many patients living with T1D. While patients wait for a cure, modern medical technology now offers them a vastly improved quality of life
Why might a patient with T1D experience hypoglycemia?
Rationale
They took too much insulin for their food intake.
When a person with T1D takes too much insulin relative to their food intake, their blood sugar levels can drop rapidly, leading to a condition known as hypoglycemia. This condition can result in symptoms such as headaches, sweating, shakiness, and even fainting.
A) They did not take enough insulin for their food intake. This statement is incorrect. Not taking enough insulin for their food intake would actually result in hyperglycemia, not hypoglycemia. Hyperglycemia occurs when the blood sugar levels are too high, which can lead to symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, lethargy, headaches, and blurred vision.
B) They drank too many fluids. This statement is incorrect. Drinking too many fluids does not directly lead to hypoglycemia. In fact, drinking water can help to stabilize blood sugar levels by flushing excess glucose out of the body through urine.
C) They took too much insulin for their food intake. This is the correct answer. Taking too much insulin for the amount of food consumed can cause the body to process glucose too quickly, leading to low blood sugar levels, or hypoglycemia.
D) They did not carefully monitor their glucose level. This statement is incorrect. While not carefully monitoring glucose levels can lead to both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, it is not the direct cause of either. The direct cause of hypoglycemia is taking too much insulin for the amount of food consumed.
Conclusion Hypoglycemia in patients with T1D can occur when they take too much insulin relative to their food intake. This causes a rapid decrease in blood sugar levels, leading to symptoms such as headaches, sweating, shakiness, and fainting. Other factors, such as not monitoring glucose levels carefully, can contribute to hypoglycemia, but the direct cause is an imbalance between insulin intake and food consumption.
The senator voted against the bill, thereby showing
Rationale
The senator showed dissent by voting against the bill.
Dissent means to hold or express opinions that are at variance with those previously, commonly, or officially expressed. By voting against the bill, the senator is expressing disagreement or opposition, thereby showing dissent.
A) Dissent Dissent is a demonstration of disagreement or opposition. The act of voting against the bill signifies the senator's disagreement with it, hence demonstrating dissent. This is the correct answer.
B) Composure Composure refers to the state or feeling of being calm and in control of oneself. While it's possible that the senator maintained composure while voting against the bill, the act of voting against doesn't inherently suggest composure. Hence, this option is incorrect.
C) Rapture Rapture is a feeling of intense pleasure or joy. Voting against a bill doesn't inherently imply a feeling of intense pleasure or joy, making this option incorrect.
D) Constraint Constraint refers to a limitation or restriction. The act of voting against a bill does not imply any form of limitation or restriction, making this option incorrect.
Conclusion In the context of the sentence, the senator's act of voting against the bill demonstrates disagreement or opposition to the bill, also known as dissent. The senator's action does not inherently suggest composure, rapture, or constraint, making options B, C, and D incorrect. Therefore, the senator demonstrated dissent by voting against the bill.
2. People with T1D must be attentive to their food intake, carefully monitor their blood glucose levels, and take regular doses of insulin - tasks that often make people feel alienated from their friends who are able to eat what they want without worry. If someone with T1D takes too much insulin for their food, they can experience hypoglycemia, a sudden drop in blood sugar, leading to debilitating symptoms such as headache, sweating, shakiness, and even fainting. But if they don't take enough insulin, they will experience hyperglycemia which causes symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, lethargy, headaches, and blurred vision.
3. Recently, however, advances in blood glucose monitoring and insulin delivery have simplified disease management for many people with diabetes. Roughly 64% of current patients with T1D in the US use an insulin pump for consistent accurate delivery of insulin rather than relying on daily insulin injections (Smith & Harris, 2018). Insulin pumps generally contain an insulin reservoir and a computer chip that monitor insulin delivery through a cannula inserted under the patient's skin, usually on the lower part of the stomach. While the cannula site must be changed every few days, the pump frees the individual from needing frequent injections and delivers insulin more consistently than injections.
4. Additionally, patients can now also use a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) to promote better regulation of blood sugar. CGMs use a sensor inserted under the skin to transmit blood glucose information to a smartphone app or even directly to an insulin pump. Patients can then use an app to monitor their insulin intake and blood sugar at any given time. Furthermore, the app can alert the patient to changes in blood sugar that could lead to dangerous reactions. Patients and their caregivers can use the information stored on the app to adjust diet and insulin delivery to promote better overall health (Wong, 2023).
5. Perhaps the most exciting recent development in diabetes management is that of the hybrid, dosed-loop system, or artificial pancreas. In 2016, the FDA approved the first of these devices, which combine glucose monitoring and insulin delivery in one automated system (Smith & Harris, 2018). These systems, now commercially available, allow patients with T1D a level of ease of management that enables them to go about daily tasks without the need to carry kits containing syringes, vials, finger prick devices, and test strips. 6. While a cure for T1D remains a goal of researchers, consistent improvements in patient care and management have vastly improved life for many patients living with T1D. While patients wait for a cure, modern medical technology now offers them a vastly improved quality of life.
Why might a patient with T1D experience hypoglycemia?
Rationale
They took too much insulin for their food intake.
A patient with T1D might experience hypoglycemia if they take more insulin than needed relative to their food consumption. This over-administration of insulin can lead to a sudden and significant drop in their blood glucose levels, causing symptoms such as headaches, sweating, shakiness, and even fainting.
A) They drank too many fluids. Drinking too many fluids does not directly cause hypoglycemia in a person with T1D. While it's true that excessive fluid intake might lead to more frequent urination, causing the body to lose glucose, it's not the underlying cause of hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is primarily caused by an imbalance between insulin and glucose in the body.
B) They did not take enough insulin for their food intake. Not taking enough insulin for the amount of food consumed can actually lead to hyperglycemia, not hypoglycemia. Hyperglycemia occurs when there is an excess of glucose in the bloodstream, which can happen when the body doesn't have enough insulin to process the glucose from the food consumed.
C) They took too much insulin for their food intake. This is the correct answer. Taking too much insulin for the amount of food consumed can result in hypoglycemia. This is because insulin helps glucose enter cells from the bloodstream. If too much insulin is administered, more glucose than necessary may be moved from the blood into cells, causing blood glucose levels to drop too low.
D) They did not carefully monitor their glucose level. While not carefully monitoring glucose levels can lead to both hypo- and hyperglycemia, it's not the direct cause of either. Hypoglycemia is specifically caused by an imbalance between insulin and glucose, such as when a patient takes too much insulin for their food intake.
Conclusion In summary, hypoglycemia in a patient with T1D is primarily caused by an over-administration of insulin relative to food consumption, leading to an excessive reduction in blood glucose levels. Other factors such as drinking too many fluids or not carefully monitoring glucose levels can influence blood glucose levels but do not directly cause hypoglycemia. Conversely, not taking enough insulin for food intake can lead to hyperglycemia, a condition characterized by excessively high blood glucose levels. Understanding the balance between insulin administration and food intake is crucial in managing T1D.
The writer chose to use many vernacular expressions in his essay. Vernacular means
Rationale
B) Everyday is the correct definition of vernacular.
Vernacular is a term used to describe the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region. It refers to everyday language, including slang, that's used by people.
A) Blasphemous Blasphemous means sacrilegious against God or sacred things, which is not relevant to the term vernacular. Vernacular language refers to the common or everyday language used by people, and does not imply any form of disrespect or sacrilege.
C) Ludicrous Ludicrous means so foolish, unreasonable, or out of place as to be amusing. This does not align with the definition of vernacular. Vernacular expressions are not inherently absurd or ridiculous; they are simply the everyday language used by ordinary people.
D) Ribald Ribald refers to speech or behavior that is humorous in a vulgar or indecent way. However, vernacular does not carry this specific connotation. While some vernacular expressions may be crude or coarse, the term itself does not denote humor or vulgarity. It refers to the common, everyday language used by people, regardless of its level of propriety.
Conclusion The term 'vernacular' refers to the everyday language used by the ordinary people in a particular country or region. It is not inherently blasphemous, ludicrous, or ribald. The writer's choice to use vernacular expressions in his essay suggests a desire to reflect real, everyday speech and potentially to connect more closely with readers.
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